The user is now disabled. Disabled users will not appear on the Mac startup login window or in Users & Groups section in System Preferences. Enable the user account back. As the disabled user account is disappeared from the system preferences, you need to enable the user through a command in terminal. You need to run the command as root user.
When you upgrade macOS or migrate content to a new Mac, software known to be incompatible with the new macOS version is set aside and won’t run on your updated system. The software is moved to a folder named Incompatible Software, at the top level of your Mac startup disk.
If you want to use one of the incompatible apps, get an updated version that's compatible with your new OS. Apps in the Mac App Store list their compatibility and system requirements on their product pages. You can also check with the app developer to find out if they have a new, compatible version or plan to release one.
PowerPC applications won't run on OS X Mavericks or later.
-->Applications that integrate with Microsoft identity platform follow an authorization model that gives users and administrators control over how data can be accessed. The implementation of the authorization model has been updated on the Microsoft identity platform endpoint, and it changes how an app must interact with the Microsoft identity platform. This article covers the basic concepts of this authorization model, including scopes, permissions, and consent.
Scopes and permissions
The Microsoft identity platform implements the OAuth 2.0 authorization protocol. OAuth 2.0 is a method through which a third-party app can access web-hosted resources on behalf of a user. Any web-hosted resource that integrates with the Microsoft identity platform has a resource identifier, or Application ID URI. For example, some of Microsoft's web-hosted resources include:
- Microsoft Graph:
https://graph.microsoft.com - Office 365 Mail API:
https://outlook.office.com - Azure Key Vault:
https://vault.azure.net
Note
We strongly recommend that you use Microsoft Graph instead of Office 365 Mail API, etc.
The same is true for any third-party resources that have integrated with the Microsoft identity platform. Any of these resources also can define a set of permissions that can be used to divide the functionality of that resource into smaller chunks. As an example, Microsoft Graph has defined permissions to do the following tasks, among others:
- Read a user's calendar
- Write to a user's calendar
- Send mail as a user
By defining these types of permissions, the resource has fine-grained control over its data and how API functionality is exposed. A third-party app can request these permissions from users and administrators, who must approve the request before the app can access data or act on a user's behalf. By chunking the resource's functionality into smaller permission sets, third-party apps can be built to request only the specific permissions that they need to perform their function. Users and administrators can know exactly what data the app has access to, and they can be more confident that it isn't behaving with malicious intent. Developers should always abide by the concept of least privilege, asking for only the permissions they need for their applications to function.
In OAuth 2.0, these types of permissions are called scopes. They are also often referred to as permissions. A permission is represented in the Microsoft identity platform as a string value. Continuing with the Microsoft Graph example, the string value for each permission is:
- Read a user's calendar by using
Calendars.Read - Write to a user's calendar by using
Calendars.ReadWrite - Send mail as a user using by
Mail.Send
An app most commonly requests these permissions by specifying the scopes in requests to the Microsoft identity platform authorize endpoint. However, certain high privilege permissions can only be granted through administrator consent and requested/granted using the administrator consent endpoint. Read on to learn more.
Permission types
Microsoft identity platform supports two types of permissions: delegated permissions and application permissions.
Delegated permissions are used by apps that have a signed-in user present. For these apps, either the user or an administrator consents to the permissions that the app requests, and the app is delegated permission to act as the signed-in user when making calls to the target resource. Some delegated permissions can be consented to by non-administrative users, but some higher-privileged permissions require administrator consent. To learn which administrator roles can consent to delegated permissions, see Administrator role permissions in Azure AD.
Application permissions are used by apps that run without a signed-in user present; for example, apps that run as background services or daemons. Application permissions can only be consented by an administrator.
Effective permissions are the permissions that your app will have when making requests to the target resource. It's important to understand the difference between the delegated and application permissions that your app is granted and its effective permissions when making calls to the target resource.
For delegated permissions, the effective permissions of your app will be the least privileged intersection of the delegated permissions the app has been granted (via consent) and the privileges of the currently signed-in user. Your app can never have more privileges than the signed-in user. Within organizations, the privileges of the signed-in user may be determined by policy or by membership in one or more administrator roles. To learn which administrator roles can consent to delegated permissions, see Administrator role permissions in Azure AD.
For example, assume your app has been granted the User.ReadWrite.All delegated permission. This permission nominally grants your app permission to read and update the profile of every user in an organization. If the signed-in user is a global administrator, your app will be able to update the profile of every user in the organization. However, if the signed-in user isn't in an administrator role, your app will be able to update only the profile of the signed-in user. It will not be able to update the profiles of other users in the organization because the user that it has permission to act on behalf of does not have those privileges.
For application permissions, the effective permissions of your app will be the full level of privileges implied by the permission. For example, an app that has the User.ReadWrite.All application permission can update the profile of every user in the organization.
OpenID Connect scopes
The Microsoft identity platform implementation of OpenID Connect has a few well-defined scopes that are also hosted on the Microsoft Graph: openid, email, profile, and offline_access. The address and phone OpenID Connect scopes are not supported.
Requesting the OIDC scopes and a token will give you a token to call the UserInfo endpoint.
openid
If an app performs sign-in by using OpenID Connect, it must request the openid scope. The openid scope shows on the work account consent page as the 'Sign you in' permission, and on the personal Microsoft account consent page as the 'View your profile and connect to apps and services using your Microsoft account' permission. With this permission, an app can receive a unique identifier for the user in the form of the sub claim. It also gives the app access to the UserInfo endpoint. The openid scope can be used at the Microsoft identity platform token endpoint to acquire ID tokens, which can be used by the app for authentication.
The email scope can be used with the openid scope and any others. It gives the app access to the user's primary email address in the form of the email claim. The email claim is included in a token only if an email address is associated with the user account, which isn't always the case. If it uses the email scope, your app should be prepared to handle a case in which the email claim does not exist in the token.
profile
The profile scope can be used with the openid scope and any others. It gives the app access to a substantial amount of information about the user. The information it can access includes, but isn't limited to, the user's given name, surname, preferred username, and object ID. For a complete list of the profile claims available in the id_tokens parameter for a specific user, see the id_tokens reference.
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offline_access
The offline_access scope gives your app access to resources on behalf of the user for an extended time. On the consent page, this scope appears as the 'Maintain access to data you have given it access to' permission. When a user approves the offline_access scope, your app can receive refresh tokens from the Microsoft identity platform token endpoint. Refresh tokens are long-lived. Your app can get new access tokens as older ones expire.
Note
This permission appears on all consent screens today, even for flows that don't provide a refresh token (the implicit flow). This is to cover scenarios where a client can begin within the implicit flow, and then move onto to the code flow where a refresh token is expected.
On the Microsoft identity platform (requests made to the v2.0 endpoint), your app must explicitly request the offline_access scope, to receive refresh tokens. This means that when you redeem an authorization code in the OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow, you'll receive only an access token from the /token endpoint. The access token is valid for a short time. The access token usually expires in one hour. At that point, your app needs to redirect the user back to the /authorize endpoint to get a new authorization code. During this redirect, depending on the type of app, the user might need to enter their credentials again or consent again to permissions.
For more information about how to get and use refresh tokens, see the Microsoft identity platform protocol reference.
Requesting individual user consent
In an OpenID Connect or OAuth 2.0 authorization request, an app can request the permissions it needs by using the scope query parameter. For example, when a user signs in to an app, the app sends a request like the following example (with line breaks added for legibility):
The scope parameter is a space-separated list of delegated permissions that the app is requesting. Each permission is indicated by appending the permission value to the resource's identifier (the Application ID URI). In the request example, the app needs permission to read the user's calendar and send mail as the user.
After the user enters their credentials, the Microsoft identity platform endpoint checks for a matching record of user consent. If the user has not consented to any of the requested permissions in the past, nor has an administrator consented to these permissions on behalf of the entire organization, the Microsoft identity platform endpoint asks the user to grant the requested permissions.
Note
At this time, the offline_access ('Maintain access to data you have given it access to') and user.read ('Sign you in and read your profile') permissions are automatically included in the initial consent to an application. These permissions are generally required for proper app functionality - offline_access gives the app access to refresh tokens, critical for native and web apps, while user.read gives access to the sub claim, allowing the client or app to correctly identify the user over time and access rudimentary user information.
When the user approves the permission request, consent is recorded and the user doesn't have to consent again on subsequent sign-ins to the application.
Requesting consent for an entire tenant
Often, when an organization purchases a license or subscription for an application, the organization wants to proactively set up the application for use by all members of the organization. As part of this process, an administrator can grant consent for the application to act on behalf of any user in the tenant. If the admin grants consent for the entire tenant, the organization's users won't see a consent page for the application.
To request consent for delegated permissions for all users in a tenant, your app can use the admin consent endpoint.
Additionally, applications must use the admin consent endpoint to request Application Permissions.
Admin-restricted permissions
Some high-privilege permissions in the Microsoft ecosystem can be set to admin-restricted. Examples of these kinds of permissions include the following:
- Read all user's full profiles by using
User.Read.All - Write data to an organization's directory by using
Directory.ReadWrite.All - Read all groups in an organization's directory by using
Groups.Read.All
Although a consumer user might grant an application access to this kind of data, organizational users are restricted from granting access to the same set of sensitive company data. If your application requests access to one of these permissions from an organizational user, the user receives an error message that says they're not authorized to consent to your app's permissions.
If your app requires access to admin-restricted scopes for organizations, you should request them directly from a company administrator, also by using the admin consent endpoint, described next.
If the application is requesting high privilege delegated permissions and an administrator grants these permissions via the admin consent endpoint, consent is granted for all users in the tenant.
If the application is requesting application permissions and an administrator grants these permissions via the admin consent endpoint, this grant isn't done on behalf of any specific user. Instead, the client application is granted permissions directly. These types of permissions are only used by daemon services and other non-interactive applications that run in the background.
Using the admin consent endpoint
Note
Please note after granting admin consent using the admin consent endpoint, you have finished granting admin consent and users do not need to perform any further additional actions. After granting admin consent, users can get an access token via a typical auth flow and the resulting access token will have the consented permissions.
When a Company Administrator uses your application and is directed to the authorize endpoint, Microsoft identity platform will detect the user's role and ask them if they would like to consent on behalf of the entire tenant for the permissions you have requested. However, there is also a dedicated admin consent endpoint you can use if you would like to proactively request that an administrator grants permission on behalf of the entire tenant. Using this endpoint is also necessary for requesting Application Permissions (which can't be requested using the authorize endpoint).
If you follow these steps, your app can request permissions for all users in a tenant, including admin-restricted scopes. This is a high privilege operation and should only be done if necessary for your scenario.
To see a code sample that implements the steps, see the admin-restricted scopes sample.
Request the permissions in the app registration portal
Applications are able to note which permissions they require (both delegated and application) in the app registration portal. This allows use of the /.default scope and the Azure portal's 'Grant admin consent' option. In general, it's best practice to ensure that the permissions statically defined for a given application are a superset of the permissions that it will be requesting dynamically/incrementally.
Note
Application permissions can only be requested through the use of /.default - so if your app needs application permissions, make sure they're listed in the app registration portal.
To configure the list of statically requested permissions for an application
- Go to your application in the Azure portal – App registrations experience, or create an app if you haven't already.
- Locate the API Permissions section, and within the API permissions click Add a permission.
- Select Microsoft Graph from the list of available APIs and then add the permissions that your app requires.
- Save the app registration.
Recommended: Sign the user into your app
Typically, when you build an application that uses the admin consent endpoint, the app needs a page or view in which the admin can approve the app's permissions. This page can be part of the app's sign-up flow, part of the app's settings, or it can be a dedicated 'connect' flow. In many cases, it makes sense for the app to show this 'connect' view only after a user has signed in with a work or school Microsoft account.
When you sign the user into your app, you can identify the organization to which the admin belongs before asking them to approve the necessary permissions. Although not strictly necessary, it can help you create a more intuitive experience for your organizational users. To sign the user in, follow our Microsoft identity platform protocol tutorials.
Request the permissions from a directory admin
When you're ready to request permissions from your organization's admin, you can redirect the user to the Microsoft identity platform admin consent endpoint.
| Parameter | Condition | Description |
|---|---|---|
tenant | Required | The directory tenant that you want to request permission from. Can be provided in GUID or friendly name format OR generically referenced with organizations as seen in the example. Do not use 'common', as personal accounts cannot provide admin consent except in the context of a tenant. To ensure best compatibility with personal accounts that manage tenants, use the tenant ID when possible. |
client_id | Required | The Application (client) ID that the Azure portal – App registrations experience assigned to your app. |
redirect_uri | Required | The redirect URI where you want the response to be sent for your app to handle. It must exactly match one of the redirect URIs that you registered in the app registration portal. |
state | Recommended | A value included in the request that will also be returned in the token response. It can be a string of any content you want. Use the state to encode information about the user's state in the app before the authentication request occurred, such as the page or view they were on. |
scope | Required | Defines the set of permissions being requested by the application. This can be either static (using /.default) or dynamic scopes. This can include the OIDC scopes (openid, profile, email). If you need application permissions, you must use /.default to request the statically configured list of permissions. |
At this point, Azure AD requires a tenant administrator to sign in to complete the request. The administrator is asked to approve all the permissions that you have requested in the scope parameter. If you've used a static (/.default) value, it will function like the v1.0 admin consent endpoint and request consent for all scopes found in the required permissions for the app.
Successful response
If the admin approves the permissions for your app, the successful response looks like this:
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
tenant | The directory tenant that granted your application the permissions it requested, in GUID format. |
state | A value included in the request that also will be returned in the token response. It can be a string of any content you want. The state is used to encode information about the user's state in the app before the authentication request occurred, such as the page or view they were on. |
admin_consent | Will be set to True. |
Error response
If the admin does not approve the permissions for your app, the failed response looks like this:
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
error | An error code string that can be used to classify types of errors that occur, and can be used to react to errors. |
error_description | A specific error message that can help a developer identify the root cause of an error. |
After you've received a successful response from the admin consent endpoint, your app has gained the permissions it requested. Next, you can request a token for the resource you want.
Using permissions
After the user consents to permissions for your app, your app can acquire access tokens that represent your app's permission to access a resource in some capacity. An access token can be used only for a single resource, but encoded inside the access token is every permission that your app has been granted for that resource. To acquire an access token, your app can make a request to the Microsoft identity platform token endpoint, like this:
You can use the resulting access token in HTTP requests to the resource. It reliably indicates to the resource that your app has the proper permission to perform a specific task.
For more information about the OAuth 2.0 protocol and how to get access tokens, see the Microsoft identity platform endpoint protocol reference.
The /.default scope
You can use the /.default scope to help migrate your apps from the v1.0 endpoint to the Microsoft identity platform endpoint. This is a built-in scope for every application that refers to the static list of permissions configured on the application registration. A scope value of https://graph.microsoft.com/.default is functionally the same as the v1.0 endpoints resource=https://graph.microsoft.com - namely, it requests a token with the scopes on Microsoft Graph that the application has registered for in the Azure portal. It is constructed using the resource URI + /.default (e.g. if the resource URI is https://contosoApp.com, then the scope requested would be https://contosoApp.com/.default). See the section on trailing slashes for cases where you must include a second slash to correctly request the token.
The /.default scope can be used in any OAuth 2.0 flow, but is necessary in the On-Behalf-Of flow and client credentials flow, as well as when using the v2 admin consent endpoint to request application permissions.
Note
Clients can't combine static (/.default) and dynamic consent in a single request. Thus, scope=https://graph.microsoft.com/.default+mail.read will result in an error due to the combination of scope types.
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/.default and consent
The /.default scope triggers the v1.0 endpoint behavior for prompt=consent as well. It requests consent for all permissions registered by the application, regardless of the resource. If included as part of the request, the /.default scope returns a token that contains the scopes for the resource requested.
/.default when the user has already given consent
Because /.default is functionally identical to the resource-centric v1.0 endpoint's behavior, it brings with it the consent behavior of the v1.0 endpoint as well. Namely, /.default only triggers a consent prompt if no permission has been granted between the client and the resource by the user. If any such consent exists, then a token will be returned containing all scopes granted by the user for that resource. However, if no permission has been granted, or the prompt=consent parameter has been provided, a consent prompt will be shown for all scopes registered by the client application.
Example 1: The user, or tenant admin, has granted permissions
In this example, the user (or a tenant administrator) has granted the client the Microsoft Graph permissions mail.read and user.read. If the client makes a request for scope=https://graph.microsoft.com/.default, then no consent prompt will be shown regardless of the contents of the client applications registered permissions for Microsoft Graph. A token would be returned containing the scopes mail.read and user.read.
Example 2: The user hasn't granted permissions between the client and the resource
In this example, no consent for the user exists between the client and Microsoft Graph. The client has registered for the user.read and contacts.read permissions, as well as the Azure Key Vault scope https://vault.azure.net/user_impersonation. When the client requests a token for scope=https://graph.microsoft.com/.default, the user will see a consent screen for the user.read, contacts.read, and the Key Vault user_impersonation scopes. The token returned will have just the user.read and contacts.read scopes in it and only be usable against Microsoft Graph.
Example 3: The user has consented and the client requests additional scopes
In this example, the user has already consented to mail.read for the client. The client has registered for the contacts.read scope in its registration. When the client makes a request for a token using scope=https://graph.microsoft.com/.default and requests consent through prompt=consent, then the user will see a consent screen for all (and only) the permissions registered by the application. contacts.read will be present in the consent screen, but mail.read will not. The token returned will be for Microsoft Graph and will contain mail.read and contacts.read.
Using the /.default scope with the client
A special case of the /.default scope exists where a client requests its own /.default scope. The following example demonstrates this scenario.
This produces a consent screen for all registered permissions (if applicable based on the above descriptions of consent and /.default), then returns an id_token, rather than an access token. This behavior exists for certain legacy clients moving from ADAL to MSAL, and should not be used by new clients targeting the Microsoft identity platform endpoint.
Trailing slash and /.default
Some resource URIs have a trailing slash (https://contoso.com/ as opposed to https://contoso.com), which can cause problems with token validation. This can occur primarily when requesting a token for Azure Resource Management (https://management.azure.com/), which has a trailing slash on their resource URI and requires it to be present when the token is requested. Thus, when requesting a token for https://management.azure.com/ and using /.default, you must request https://management.azure.com//.default - note the double slash!
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In general - if you've validated that the token is being issued, and the token is being rejected by the API that should accept it, consider adding a second slash and trying again. This happens because the login server emits a token with the audience matching the URIs in the scope parameter - with /.default removed from the end. If this removes the trailing slash, the login server still processes the request and validates it against the resource URI, even though they no longer match - this is non-standard and should not be relied on by your application.
Troubleshooting permissions and consent
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If you or your application's users are seeing unexpected errors during the consent process, see this article for troubleshooting steps: Unexpected error when performing consent to an application.